Ludwig van Beethoven
(pronounced (baptized December 17, 1770[1] –
March 26, 1827) was a German composer and
pianist. He is widely regarded as one of
history's greatest composers, and was the
predominant figure in the transitional period
between the Classical and Romantic eras in
Western classical music. His reputation and
genius have inspired—and in many cases
intimidated—ensuing generations of composers,
musicians, and audiences.
One of the greatest and most radical composers
of all time. A tormented genius, who went deaf
in later life and never hear his final works.
His nine symphonies are probably his greatest
achievement, each one an unrivalled masterpiece,
but he also wrote 5 piano concertos, piano
sonatas, string quartets and one opera, Fidelio
Opus 21: Symphony No. 1 in C Major (1800); Opus
36: Symphony No. 2 in D major (1803); Opus 55:
Symphony No. 3 in E flat major "Eroica" (1805);
Opus 60: Symphony No. 4 in B flat major (1807);
Opus 67: Symphony No. 5 in C minor (1808); Opus
68: Symphony No. 6 in F major "Pastoral" (1808)
; Opus 92: Symphony No. 7 in A major (1813);
Opus 93: Symphony No. 8 in F major (1814); Opus
125: Symphony No. 9 in D minor "Choral" (1824)
Concertos
Opus 15: Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major
(1796-1797); Opus 19: Piano Concerto No. 2 in B
flat major (1798); Opus 37: Piano Concerto No. 3
in C minor (1803); Opus 56: Triple Concerto in C
major (1805); Opus 58: Piano Concerto No. 4 in G
major (1807); Opus 61: Concerto for Violin and
Orchestra in D major (1808); Opus 61a: An
arrangement of Opus 61 for piano sometimes
called Piano Concerto No. 6; Opus 73: Piano
Concerto No. 5 in E flat major "Emperor" (1809)
Overtures
Opus 43: \qThe Creatures of Prometheus, Overture
and Ballet music (1801); Opus 72a: Leonore "No.
2" (1805); Opus 72b: Leonore "No. 3" (1806);
Opus 138: Leonore "No. 1" (1807); Opus 62:
Coriolan (1807); Opus 84: Egmont (Overture and
Incidental Music) (1810); Opus 91: Wellington's
Victory (1813); Opus 72: Fidelio (1814); Opus
113: Overture and incidental music for Die
Ruinen von Athen (The ruins of Athens) (1811);
Opus 117: Overture - König Stephan (King
Stephen) (1811); Opus 115: Overture - Zur
Namensfeier (1815); Opus 124: Overture - Die
Weihe des Hauses (Consecration of the House)
(1822)
String quartets
Early quartets:
Opus 18: Six String Quartets
No. 1: String Quartet No. 1 in F major (1799);
No. 2: String Quartet No. 2 in G major (1800);
No. 3: String Quartet No. 3 in D major (1798);
No. 4: String Quartet No. 4 in C minor (1801);
No. 5: String Quartet No. 5 in A major (1801);
No. 6: String Quartet No. 6 in B flat major
(1801)
Middle quartets:
Opus 59: Three "Rasumovsky" String Quartets
(1806)
No. 1: String Quartet No. 7 in F major; No. 2:
String Quartet No. 8 in E minor; No. 3: String
Quartet No. 9 in C major
"Harp" and "Serioso" String Quartets
Opus 74: String Quartet No. 10 in E flat major
"Harp" (1809); Opus 95: String Quartet No. 11 in
F minor "Serioso" (1810)
Late quartets, including "Grosse Fuge":
Opus 127: String Quartet No. 12 in E flat major
(1825); Opus 130: String Quartet No. 13 in B
flat major (1825); Opus 131: String Quartet No.
14 in C sharp minor (1826); Opus 132: String
Quartet No. 15 in A minor (1825); Opus 133:
Große Fuge in B flat major for string quartet
(1824 and 1825); Opus 134: Große Fuge for four
hands (two pianos) (1826); Opus 135: String
Quartet No. 16 in F major (1826)
String quintet
Opus 29: String Quintet in C major (1801); Opus
104: String Quintet in C minor
Piano trios
Opus 1: Piano Trios Nos.1-3 (1795); Opus 11:
Piano Trio No. 4 Opus 11 (1798); Opus 70: Piano
Trios No.5 in D Major "The Ghost" & No.6 in
E-flat Major (1808); Opus 97: Piano Trio No.7 in
B-flat Major "Archduke" (1811)
Duets - solo instrument and piano
Violin sonatas
Opus 12: Three Violin Sonatas (1798)
No. 1: Violin Sonata No. 1 in D major; No. 2:
Violin Sonata No. 2 in A major; No. 3: Violin
Sonata No. 3 in E flat major
Opus 23: Violin Sonata No. 4 in A minor (1801);
Opus 24: Violin Sonata No. 5 in F major "Spring"
(1801)
Opus 30: Three Violin Sonatas (1803)
No. 1: Violin Sonata No. 6 in A major; No. 2:
Violin Sonata No. 7 in C minor; No. 3: Violin
Sonata No. 8 in G major; Opus 47: Violin Sonata
No. 9 in A major "Kreutzer" (1803); Opus 96:
Violin Sonata No. 10 in G major (1812)
Beethoven's
Life
Beethoven was born at Bonngasse 515
(today Bonngasse 20) in Bonn to Johann van
Beethoven (1740–1792) and Magdalena Keverich van
Beethoven (1744–1787). Beethoven was baptized on
December 17, but his family and later teacher
Johann Albrechtsberger celebrated his birthday
on December 16.
Beethoven's first music teacher was his father,
a musician in the Electoral court at Bonn who
was apparently a harsh and unpredictable
instructor. Johann would often come home from a
bar in the middle of the night and pull young
Ludwig out of bed to play for him and his
friend.
Beethoven's talent was recognized at a very
early age. His first important teacher was
Christian Gottlob Neefe. In 1787 young Beethoven
traveled to Vienna for the first time, where he
may have met and played for Mozart. He was
forced to return home because his mother was
dying of tuberculosis. Beethoven's mother died
when he was 18, and for several years he was
responsible for raising his two younger brothers
because of his father's worsening alcoholism.
Beethoven moved to Vienna in 1792, where he
studied for a time with Joseph Haydn in lieu of
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who had died the
previous year. He received additional
instruction from Johan Georg Albrechtsberger
(Vienna's preeminent counterpoint instructor)
and Antonio Salieri. Beethoven immediately
established a reputation as a piano virtuoso.
His first works with opus numbers, the three
piano trios, appeared in 1795. He settled into
the career pattern he would follow for the
remainder of his life: rather than working for
the church or a noble court (as most composers
before him had done), he supported himself
through a combination of annual stipends or
single gifts from members of the aristocracy,
income from subscription concerts, concerts, and
lessons, and sales of his works
Beethoven died on 26 March 1827 at the
age of 56, after a long illness. He was buried
in the Währinger cemetery. Twenty months later,
the body of Franz Schubert (who had been one of
the pallbearers at Beethoven's funeral) was
buried next to Beethoven's. In 1888, both
Schubert's and Beethoven's graves were moved to
the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery), where
they can now be found next to those of Johann
Strauss I and Johannes Brahms.